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World War I sounded the death knell of empires. The forces of disintegration affected several empires simultaneously. To that extent they were impersonal. But prudent statesmen could delay the death of empires, rulers such as Emperor Franz Josef II of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II. Adventurous rulers Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and Enver Pasha in the Ottoman Empire hastened it. Enver's decision to enter the war on the side of Germany destroyed the Ottoman state. It may have been doomed in any case, but he was the agent of its doom. The last Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin thought he could salvage the Ottoman state in something like its old form. But Vahdettin and his ministers could not succeed because the victorious Allies had decided on the final partition of the Ottoman state. The chief proponent of partition was Lloyd George, heir to the Turcophobe tradition of British liberals, who fell under the spell of the Greek irredentist politician Venizelos. With these two in the lead, the Allies sought to impose partition on the Sultan's state. When the Sultan sent his emissaries to the Paris peace conference they could not win a reprieve. The Treaty of Sevres which the Sultan's government signed put an end to Ottoman independence. The Treaty of Sevres was not ratified. Turkish nationalists, with military officers in the lead, defied the Allies, who promptly broke ranks, each one trying to win concessions for himself at the expense of the others. Mustafa Kemal emerged as the leader of the military resistance. Diplomacy allowed Mustafa Kemal to isolate his people's enemies: Greek and Armenian irredentists. Having done so, he defeated them by force of arms. In effect, the defeat of the Ottoman empire in the First World War was followed by the Turks' victory in two separate wars: a brief military campaign against the Armenians and a long one against the Greeks. Lausanne where General Ismet succeeded in securing peace on Turkey's terms was the founding charter of the modern Turkish nation state. But more than that it showed that empires could no longer rule people against their wishes. This need not be disastrous: Mustafa Kemal demonstrated that the interests of developed countries were compatible with those of developing ones. He fought the West in order to become like it. Where his domestic critics wanted to go on defying the West, Mustafa Kemal saw that his country could fare best in cooperation with the West.

Kojiro's got his ultimate weapon: Tamaki, the greatest swordswoman ever known! Now, he's just waiting for his phantom member Saya to return to the club. But that still leaves them one short of the five needed for a kendo team competition! And the date of the practice meet with Machido High is fast approaching...What now, Kojiro!? The bestselling puppy is better than ever. Spot's 25th birthday presents are bold, beautiful color covers that give him a great new look. Enjoy Spot in paperback with full-color covers and traditional Lift-the-Flap features. Have more fun with Spot! Bond is the number 1 provider of 11+ practice, helping millions of children pass selective entrance exams. Bond Maths Assessment Papers for 9-10 years Book 1 are topic-based practice questions for the 11+ From the Sultan to Ataturk: Turkey free epub exam. They have been written to cover the core 11+ question types your child will experience in their actual exam, building the skills and confidence for exam success. Bond Maths Assessment Papers for 9-10 years Book 2 (ISBN: 9780192740151) is also available.

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Author: Andrew Mango,Alan Sharp
Number of Pages: 240 pages
Published Date: 14 Sep 2010
Publisher: Haus Publishing Limited
Publication Country: London, United Kingdom
Language: English
ISBN: 9781905791651
Download Link: Click Here
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